A.E.V. (Articles of extraordinary Value)
Commodities identified as high value items.
Acceptance
"(law) An unconditional assent to an offer. (b) An assent to an offer conditioned on only minor changes that do not affect any material terms of the offer. (…) (shipping) Receipt by the consignee of a shipment thus terminating the common carrier liability. (banking) A time draft (bill of exchange) on the face of which the drawee has written "accepted" over his s... [show more]
Air Cargo
Any property (freight, mail, express) carried or to be carried in an aircraft. Does not include passenger baggage.
Air Express
A term often used to describe expedited handling of air freight service.
Air freight
"A service providing for the air transport of goods. The volume of air freight has been increasing significantly due to: 1. decreased shipping time, 2. greater inventory control for just-in-time manufacturing and stocking, 3. generally superior condition of goods upon arrival, and 4. for certain commodities, lower shipping costs" Hinke... [show more]
Air freight deleteme
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Air Freight Forwarder
Serves a dual role. The air freight forwarders are, to the shipper, an indirect carrier because they receive freight from shippers under their own tariff usually consolidating it into larger units which is tendered to the airlines. To the airlines, the air freight forwarder is a shipper. An air freight forwarder is ordinarily classed as an indirect air carrier; however, many air freight forw... [show more]
Air waybill
"A shipping document used by the airlines for air freight. It is a contract for carriage that includes carrier conditions of carriage including such items as limits of liability and claims procedures. The air waybill also contains shipping instructions to airlines, a description of the commodity and applicable transportation charges. Air waybills are used by many truckers as through docu... [show more]
Air Waybill (Airbill)
Shipping document used by the airlines for air freight. It is a contract for carriage that includes carrier conditions of carriage including such items as limits of liability and claims procedures. The air waybill also contains shipping instructions to airline, a description of the commodity, and applicable transportation charges. Air waybills can be used by many truckers as through document... [show more]
Aircraft Pallet
The use of a platform or pallet (in air freight usually form ¾” to 2” thick) upon which unitized shipment rests or on which goods are assembled and secured before being loaded as a unit onto the aircraft. Most carriers odder container discounts for palletized loads. Palletization results in more efficient use of space aboard freighter aircraft and better cargo handling, particul... [show more]
Airline Tariff Publishing Company (ATPCO)
Publisher of airline industry tariffs setting forth rates and rules applicable to air freight as well as fares for passengers. Tariffs are available on a subscription basis. Subscriptions include an up-to-date copy of the tariffs for new subscribers. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Airworthness Certification
Documentation to show that aircraft or components comply with all the airworthness requirements related to its use as laid down by the regulatory authorities for the country in which the aircraft is registered. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
All-Cargo Aircraft
An aircraft for the carriage of cargo only, rather than the combination of passengers and cargo. The all-cargo aircraft will carry traffic in bulk or container in the main deck as well as in the lower deck of the aircraft. It may include a scheduled and nonscheduled service. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Amortization
"A: The gradual extinguishment of any amount over a period of time (e.g., the retirement of a debt). B: The reduction of the book value of a fixed asset" Hinkelmann, E.G. 2008. Dictionary of International Trade 8th Edition. California, USA: World Trade Press... [show more]
Ancilliary Equipment
Equipment used to build up a palletized load or to convey a unit load device outside an aircraft. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Animal Containers
The use of air freight as a means of transporting household pets led to the development of special containers designed to provide adequate preotection and air circulation. Such containers may be purchased or rented from many carriers. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
ARKTRANS
ARKTRANS is the Norwegian multimodal framework for intelligent transport systems (ITSs). The ARKTRANS framework addresses the entire transport sector. The specifications are valid for all transport modes (road, sea, rail, and air) and cargo types including passengers.. ARKTRANS provides a multimodal (common to all transport modes) specification of responsibilities, functionality, processes, ... [show more]
Authentication
"(law) The act of certifying that a written document is genuine, credible, and reliable. An authentication is performed by an authorized person who attests that the document is in proper legal form and is executed by a person itentified as having authority to do so. In many countries, persons authorized to authentivate documents include consulate officials, notaries oublic, and judicial ... [show more]
Automatic P.O.D.
Information automatically sent to payor containing name of person who signed for the package with date and time of delivery. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Availability
"In letters of credit, refers to the availability of documents in exchange for payment of the amount stated in the letter of credit. Availability options are: (1) By sight payment: payment on receipt of the documents by the issuing bank or the bank nominated in the letter of credit. (2) By deferred payment: payment after a oeriod soecified in the letter of credit, often c... [show more]
Belly Pits or Holds
Compartments located beneath the cabin of an aircraft and used for the carriage of cargo and passenger baggage. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Bill of Lading
A document by which a carrier receipts for goods and contracts to move them. In air freight, the air waybill is a form of bill of lading and is the contract for carriage. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Bill of lading (B/L)
A Bill of lading is "a transportation document that is the contract of carriage containing the terms and conditions between the shipper and carrier."1 "A document issued by a carrier, or its agent, to the shipper as a contract of carriage of goods. It is also a receipt for cargo accepted for transportation, and must be presented for taking delivery at the de... [show more]
Blanket contracts
Blanket contracts are similar to general agreements. However, a blanket contract is limited in its scope to only those products or services stipulated in the contract, even though this stipulation may be quite broad. Blanket contracts do not usually include the option of adding appendices for inclusion of additional items to be covered by the contract. For such requirements a general agreeme... [show more]
Bonded Terminal
An airline terminal approved by the U.S. Treasury Department for storage of goods until Customs duties is deferred until the goods are removed. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Break Bulk
Disassembling of consolidated shipment for delivery or reconsignment of a shipment. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Broker (Customs)
A person or firm licensed by the U.S. Treasury Department to transact business with Customs on behalf of importers. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Cargo 2000
Cargo 2000 (C2K) is an airfreight management system developed jointly by industry and the International Air Transport Association (IATA). C2K defines specific performance metrics for the transportation of goods by air transport. C2K specifies how performance data is to be collected and provides information standards for the integration of these data into company performance measurement, moni... [show more]
Cargo Agent
A person who is responsible for all of the logistical aspects of transporting materials or parcels, including scheduling, packing, routing,documentation, tracking, customs clearance, compliance, client communications, and negotiating on behalf of clients for the best terms and pricing. Compared to e.g. ocean carriers, airlines only work with certified IATA cargo agents. ... [show more]
Carnet
A customs document permitting the holder to carry or send merchandise temporarily into certain foreign countries (for display, demonstration, or similar purposes) without paying duties or posting bonds. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Carrier (land, rail, sea, air)
Carriers are steam ship companies, airlines, railway companies and trucking companies. The carrier performs the physical transport tasks in the shipping process. Most carriers own their own transport equipment. Some carriers, however, act as non-vehicle operating entities, which means that they perform all functions of an asset owning carrier, but are free to contract with any third party wh... [show more]
Cartage Agent
Ground service operator who provides pickup and delivery in areas not served directly by air carrier. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Cash in Advance
The Cash in Advance or Advance Payment method allows the buyer to pay cash in advance to the seller. Paying in advance gives the greatest protection for the seller and puts the risk on the buyer. Payment does not guarantee the shipment or delivery of the goods from the seller. Therefore, the buyer will rarely pay cash up front before receiving an assurance that the goods will be shipped and ... [show more]
Certificate of origin
A document required by U.S. Customs and certain other countries for tariff purposes certifying as to the country of origin of specified goods. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
CFR (Cost and freight)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
Chargeable weight
The weight of the shipment used in determining air freight charges. The chargeable weight may be the dimensional weight or on container shipments the gross weight of the shipment less the tare weight of the container. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Charges collect
Transportation charges may include pickup and/or delivery and are entered on the air waybill to be collected from the consignee. Equivalent terms are "freight collect" or "charges forward." (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Charges for packing shipments
Some carriers provide material and services for packing and unpacking special commodities that require special packaging and handling. A charge is made for this service. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Charter service
The temporary hiring of an aircraft, usually on a trip basis, for the movement of cargo or passengers. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Check digit number
A single digit of the air waybill number used to insure that the air waybill number is correctly entered into a computer system. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
CIF (Cost insurance and freight)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
CIP (Carriage and Insurance paid to)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
Combi Aircraft
Aircraft specially designed to carry unitized cargo loads on the upper deck of the aircraft forward of the passenger compartment. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Commodity code
A system for identifying a given commodity by a number as a means of facilitating, for example, the application of computerization to freight transport. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Completion
The completion phase includes the agreed completion of the services (e.g. delivery of the transported goods at the destination), handling of payment and claims when the actual service has deviated from the agreed terms.Also, while the handling of payment for services may come at any time in the process (e.g. prepayment), it fits in the completion phase from a logical viewpoint. Th... [show more]
Conditions of contract
The terms and conditions established by the air carriers for the carriage of goods. These conditions are printed on the air waybill and include such items as limits of liability, claims limitations, indemnity and dimensional weight rules. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Consignee
"The person or firm named in a freight contract to whom goods have been shipped or turned over for care." Hinkelmann, E.G. 2008. Dictionary of International Trade 8th Edition. California, USA: World Trade Press See ... [show more]
Consignee (Buyer)
"The person or firm named in a freight contract to whom goods have been shipped or turned over for care." Hinkelmann, E.G. 2008. Dictionary of International Trade 8th Edition. California, USA: World Trade Press The consignee is the final receiver of the cargo. The consignee’s tasks and activities are very similar to those of the shipper. As the partner o... [show more]
Consignor
"The individual, company or entity that ships goods, or gives goods to another for care. The consignor is usually the exporter or his agent." Hinkelmann, E.G. 2008. Dictionary of International Trade 8th Edition. California, USA: World Trade Press See ... [show more]
Consolidator
An entity that provides service also provided by an air carrier, independent from that carrier, and derives income from package consolidation of others for tender to an air carrier. An Air Freight Forwarder performs the functions of a consolidator. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Consular Declaration
A formal statement made to the consul of a foreign country describing goods to be shipped. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Container
In regard to DIN ISO 4346 of January 1996, there are following types of containers: Standard container (General purpose container) Bulk container Named cargo containers Thermal containers Open-top containers Platform containers Tank containers Air/surface containers... [show more]
Containerization
The practice or technique of using a boxlike device in which a number of packages are stored, protected, and handled as a single unit in transit. Container descriptions have been broadened to include a unitized load on a carrier owned pallet, loaded by shippers, and unloaded by receivers at places other than on airline premises and are restrained and contoured so as to permit proper ... [show more]
Contract
"An agreement made between two or more parties who promise to perform or not to perform specified acts, which agreement creates for each party a legal duty and the right to seek a remedy for breach of that duty. (a) A constructive or implied contract is an agreement that is implied by law from the circumstances of a business dealing and in accordance with the common understanding... [show more]
Contracting
When a shipper and a consignee decide to do business with one another they do so based on contracts. Contracts also are established between the various intermediaries and agents that act on behalf of either the shipper or the consignee. Contracts are legally enforceable documents that stipulate the terms and conditions of a sale or purchase. Contracts can specify penaltie... [show more]
Cost
Transportation and logistics firms operate in a highly competitive environment where margins are thin (generally less than 5%) and customer demands for service are high. These factors make it exceedingly difficult for logistics service providers to invest in novel technologies that could address some of the other challenges that they face while still meeting customer requirements that are ba... [show more]
Country of exportation (C/E)
Is usually, but not necessarily, the country in which merchandise was manufactured or produced and from which it was first exported. For example, merchandise made in Switzerland and shipped to the United States through Frankfurt, Germany, has as the country of exportation Switzerland. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Courier
Attendant who accompanies shipment(s). Also, some courier companies provide a full transportation function, without accompanying attendants, offering door-to-door air service for time-sensitive documents or small packages on a same-day or next-day basis. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
CPT (Carriage paid to)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
Credit arrangements
A series of programs under which airlines extend credit to shippers and consignees for the payment of charges. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Cubic capacity
The carrying capacity within an aircraft or container according to measurement in cubic feet. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Customs
Customs authorities are public servants authorized by the country they represent to check cargo that is presented to them against the documentation that the shipper or forwarder has provided in their customs declaration. The term “customs authority” can cover a number of entities that oversee the inspection of goods for export and import. Individuals may be called customs officials, agri... [show more]
Customs
A government authority designated to regulate flow of goods to/from a country and to collect duties levied by a country on imports and exports. The term also applies to the procedures involved in such collection. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Customs clearance
"The act of obtaining permission to import merchandise from another country into the importing nation." http://www.inboundlogistics.com
Customs court
A U.S Customs Services court based in New York, NY, consisting of three 3-party divisions to which importers may appeal or protest classification and value decisions and certain other actions taken by U.S Customs Service. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Dangerous Goods
ArticIes or substances which are capable of posting a significant risk to health, safety, or property when transported by air and which are classified according to the most current editions of the ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air and the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations, Dangerous goods may bettransported domestically and internationally by air.... [show more]
DAP (Delivered at place)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
DAT (Delivered at termina)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
Declared value for carriage
The value of goods declared to the carrier by the shipper for the purposes of determining charges or of establishing the limit of the carrier's liability for loss, damage, or delay. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Declared Value for customs
The selling price of the contents or the replacement cost if the contents are not for resale. The amount must be equal to or greater than the declared value. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Deferred air freight
Air freight requiring dependable, reliable service, but of a less time sensitive nature, with delivery provided over a period of days. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Demographics
The changing world demographic situation, where the populations of traditional “first world” countries are getting older while the populations in emerging markets are much younger (Figure 6), has significant implications for the focus and type of transport and logistics operations in the future. An aging population requires less long lasting capital goods (washers, dryers, etc.) and more... [show more]
Demurrage
The detention of containers by shippers or receivers of freight beyond a specified grace period. The airlines tender carrier owned containers to the customer for loading and unloading of the unit. In the event the container is not returned to the carrier within a specified time (usually 36-48 hours) a charge shall be assessed by the carrier for each 24-hour period or fraction thereof beyond ... [show more]
Dimensional Weight
Dimensional weight refers to density, i.e., weight per cubic foot. The weight of a shipment per cubic foot is one of its most important transportation characteristics, directly involving such factors as the efficient loading of an aircraft and the economy of freight traffic movement. Some commodities, such as machinery, have a relatively high density. Others, like ladies hats, have a relativ... [show more]
Distribution service
A service under which an airline accepts one shipment from one shipper and, after transporting It as a single shipment, separates it into a number of parts at destination and distributes them to many receivers. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Dolly
A piece of equipment used to move containers or pallets around the airport with the aid of a tractor. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Domain Operations
International transport and logistics activities are both relatively simple to understand and complex to execute. Simplicity arises because the operations primarily involve moving and storing goods. What could be more simple? Complexity arises because of the diversity of goods to be moved and stored, the variations in country infrastructure and logistics maturity, border and custo... [show more]
DPP (Delivered duty paid)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
Draft or Documentary Collection
The Draft or Documentary Collection method is employed when either the cash in advance method is not acceptable to the buyer, or the open account method is not acceptable to the seller. With the Draft or Documentary Collection method, the seller or exporter ships the goods and draws a draft or bill of exchange on the buyer or importer through an intermediary bank. The draft is an uncondition... [show more]
Drawback
A refund of duties paid on imported goods which is provided at the time of their reexportation (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Duty
A tax imposed on imports by the Customs authority of a country. Duties are generally based on the value of the goods (ad valorem duties). Some other factor such as weight or quantity (specific duties) or a combination of value and other factors (compound duties). (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
E-FREIGHT
The E-FREIGHT project is European Union 7th Framework project that builds on the work of the FREIGHTWISE project. E-FREIGHT focuses on developing efficient electronic market places for the operation of inter-modal transport activities within the European Union. In addition, the E-FREIGHT project will attempt to define and obtain approval for a single transport document for all modes of freig... [show more]
Embargo
Temporary refusal to accept traffic for transportation at certain points or in certain routes due to emergencies, limitations of facilities or other abnormal circumstances. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Energy
A fundamental fact of freight transport and storage is that it requires energy. Energy is required to move freight, to cool perishable goods, to transmit information, to control storage environments, to deliver freight and to do just about any type of value added service related to the freight being moved. As economies grow they need to move more freight and this fact, coupled with the growt... [show more]
Environment
Environmental considerations are becoming increasingly important in the transport and logistics domain. Customer and regulatory demands for lower CO2 emissions are forcing LSPs to invest in more environmentally friendly technologies, redesign warehouses and rethink customer network designs. In addition, congestion and noise problems are forcing a rethinking of high street delivery models.... [show more]
Equipment
Within the supply chain or network, a lot of different tools and equipment are used for handling, transporting or storing goods. Some of them have been standardized, e.g. ISO container, to be fully multi-modally usable whilst others are just single mode items or for single use. [Martin 2000, pp. 54-61; Vahrenkamp 2005, pp. 327-333] In general, it can be distinguished be... [show more]
Exception Ratings
Rates set at a certain percentage above the general commodity rates because they apply to commodities that require special handling, such as live animals, human remains, or automotive vehicles. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Execution
The Execution phase begins when work processes are initiated in accordance with the execution plans and ends when the execution is completed or cancelled. The execution of the operations includes movement of goods, cargo handling, document handling, monitoring and control of operations and goods, supporting effective coordination and accomplishment of the whole transport chain. This may incl... [show more]
Export Control
To exercise control over exports for statistical and strategic purposes, Customs enforces the export control laws for the U.S. Department of Commerce and other Federal agencies. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Export license
A Government document which permits the "Licensee" to engage in the export of designated goods to certain destinations. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
EXW (Ex Works)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
Facilitation
Programs to expedite the flow of international commerce through modernizing and simplifying Customs procedures, duty collection, and other procedures to which international cargo and passengers are subject. ATA Facilitation Committee pursues this work with Government agencies in the United States and other countries. Examples of progress in facilitation include the elimination of certain exp... [show more]
FAS (Free alongside ship)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
FCA (Free Carrier)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Created under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 as the Federal Aviation Agency and charged with the responsibility of promulgating operational standards and procedures for all classes of aviation in the United States. With the creation of the cabinet level Department of Transportation in 1966 FAA became a unit within the new Department and received the new designation Federal Aviation Adminis... [show more]
FInest
FInest = Future Internet Enabled Optimization of Transport and Logistics Business Networks
FOB (Free on board)
See Incoterms and Incoterms in detail... [show more]
Foreign trade zone
A port designated by the Government of a country for dutyfree entry of any nonprohibited goods. Merchandise may be stored, displayed, used for manufacturing, etc. within the zone and reexported without duties being paid. Duties are imposed on the merchandise (or items manufactured from the merchandise) only when the goods pass from zone into an area of the country subject to the Customs auth... [show more]
Forwarder
A forwarder could shortly be described as the “Architect of Transport”. A company / an agent which provides logistics services (like tracking, booking cargo space, document handling etc.) as an intermediary between the shipper and the carrier, typically on international shipments. Forwarders provide the ability to respond quickly and efficiently to changing customer and consumer ... [show more]
Fraud
"An intentional deception or false representation made to induce another person to act in reliance on that representation with the result that the person incurs damages. A buyer acts fraudulently, for example, by promising to pay goods on delivery even though the buyer does not have the funds needed, accepting the goods as satisfactory, but not paying for them" http:... [show more]
Free domicile
A term used in international transportation where the shipper pays all transportation charges and any applicable duties and/or taxes. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Freight
Property, commodities of all kinds, including small package service tendered to an airline for transportation. Does not include mail, express, or passenger baggage. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Freight Exchanges
Carriage of goods by trucks is a more spontaneous process than long haul freight across the ocean or through the air. Because of its spot market nature, a number of freight exchanges for trucking services have been implemented over the past decade. These systems provide a platform that allows carriers to communicate freight traffic information to fellow operators such as transporters, forwar... [show more]
Freight Forwarder
Freight forwarders are transport intermediaries that offer a wide range of services to shippers. Freight forwarders typically arrange cargo movement to an international destination. Also referred to as international freight forwarders, they have the expertise that allows them to prepare and process the documentation and perform related activities pertaining to international shipments. Some o... [show more]
FREIGHTWISE
The European Union 6th Framework project FREIGHTWISE builds on the framework developed in the Norwegian ARKTRANS project. The objectives of the FREIGHTWISE project were to develop processes to facilitate the easy exchange of messages between trading partners, ease decision making through the creation of automated decision making systems based on business rules, and enhance transport planning... [show more]
Future Internet Public Private Partnership (FI PPP)
The Future Internet Public Private Partnership (FI-PPP) focuses on the development of innovative open network and service platforms with generic common enablers serving a multiplicity of demand-driven use cases in "smart applications".
General Agreements
General agreements are long term or open contracts made between parties that have decided to work together in a common manner across all services and geographies. The general agreement defines a framework of terms and conditions for covered activities between the parties. Particular services to be provided, and that are subject to the “frame agreement”, are placed in appendices and attac... [show more]
General Commodity Rate
An air freight rate applicable on all commodities except those for which specific rates have been filed. Such rates are based on weight and distance and are published for each pair of cities an airline serves. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
General Order (GO)
Merchandise not entered within 5 working days after arrival of the carrier and then stored at the risk and expense of the importer. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Gross Weight
Entire weight of a shipment including containers and packaging material. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Harmonized commodity description and coding system
A multipurpose international goods classification system designed to be used by manufacturers, transporters, exporters, importers, Customs, statisticians, and others in classifying goods moving in international trade under a single commodity code. Developed under the auspices of the Customs Cooperation Council (CCC), an international Customs organization in Brussels, this code is a hierarchi... [show more]
Hazardous materials
Means a substance or material which has been determined by the U.S, Secretary of Transportation to be capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce and which has been so designated. Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (U,S,) Transportation-Parts 100-199, govern the transportation of hazardous materials. Hazardous materials may be transp... [show more]
Historical oil price chart
Transport and Logistics companies that are of sufficient size to weather the economic uncertainties caused by fuel price volatility and can pass on certain of these costs to customers are in an advantageous position to capture an increasing amount of international transport activities. This fact arises since the greatest addressable impact of fuel costs for customers is in the cost of intern... [show more]
Hold for pickup
Freight to be held at the carrier's destination location for pickup by the recipient. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Hub and spoke routing
Aircraft routing service pattern that feeds traffic from many cities into a central hub designed to connect with other flights to final destinations, The system maximizes operating flexibility by connecting many markets through a central hub with fewer flights than would be required to connect each pair of cities in an extensive system. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Associati... [show more]
Import License
A document required and issued by some national governments authorizing the importation of goods into their individual countries. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Incoterms
Incoterms are international agreements on for the international transport of goods. The first Incoterms date back to as early as 1932. Incoterms are formulated and published by the International Chamber of Commerce. Incoterms are updated periodically by the Chamber based on the changing nature of international transport operations. The latest update to the Incoterms occurred in 2010 when the... [show more]
Incoterms in detail
EXW (Ex Works) The buyer bears all costs and risks involved... [show more]
Indirect Air Carrier
See Air Freight Forwarder. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Industry trends
The transport and logistics industry is facing a number of challenges that are a direct result of globalization and the rapid development of countries such as Brazil, Russia, India and China. These challenges can be broadly grouped into five areas. These grouping are: 1. Costs – transportation and logistics is a highly competitive industry with margins f... [show more]
Informal Entry
A simplified import entry procedure accepted at the option of Customs for any noncommercial shipment (baggage) and any commercial shipment not over $1,000 in value. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Insurance Brokers
Insurance brokers act as intermediaries between insurance companies offering various types of marine, transport, storage and other insurance contracts and shippers. Insurance brokerage is an important part of the transport and logistics process as standard transport and storage terms and conditions are generally insufficient to provide a shipper with proper coverage for loss or damage of goo... [show more]
Intermodel compatibility
The capability which enables a shipment to be transferred from one form of transport to another, as from airplane to highway truck, to railway freight car, to ocean vessel, Some aircraft in service today have the capability for intermodal exchange of the large types of standard containers currently used in surface transport. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of Americ... [show more]
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
The trade and service organization for airlines of more than 100 countries serving international routes. IATA activities on behalf of shippers in international air freight include development of containerization programs, freight handling techniques and, for some airlines, uniform rates and rules. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
The International Aviation Organization of Governments, ICAO is an agency of the United Nations. It was organized to insure orderly worldwide technical development of civil aviation. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
INTTRA
INTTRA is a sea freight management system. It was established to provide major shippers with their own shipping line/carrier contracts an opportunity to engage in sea freight coordination services and to obtain access to highly configurable customer information solutions for sea freight visibility, monitoring, reporting and network management. The INTTRA marketplace allows shippers to book s... [show more]
Iso Container
The most important standardized shipping unit is the ISO container. This shipping unit has been under guidance of the IMO standardized according to ISO 668. Within the standard there are different sizes varying in length and height. Commonly used are 20’ and 40’ containers with height of 8’6”. Containers built with a height of 9’6” are called “high cube” ISO contai... [show more]
JIT (Just in time)
The principle of production and inventory control that prescribes precise controls for the movement of raw materials, component parts, and work-in-progress. Goods arrive when needed (just in time) for production or use rather than becoming expensive inventory that occupies costly warehouse space. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Joint rate
A single through-rate on cargo moving via two or more air carriers on air and surface carriers. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Key Performance Indicators
A performance Indicator or Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a term used for a type of measure of performance. KPIs are commonly used by an organization to evaluate its success or the success of a particular activity in which it is engaged. Sometimes success is defined in terms of making progress toward strategic goals, but often success is simply the repeated achievement of some level of o... [show more]
KPIs in Transport and Logistics
Businesses can utilize KPIs to establish and monitor progress toward a variety of goals, including lean manufacturing objectives, MBE (Minority Business Enterprise) and diversity spending, environmental "green" initiatives, cost avoidance (CA) programs and low-cost country sourcing (LCCS) targets. Within transportation and logistics operation, some typical areas that are meas... [show more]
Length & girth
Some airlines may apply this limitation on shipments. The equasion used to calculate length and girth: Length + (2 x width) + (2 x height). The largest measurement will always be used as the length in the equation. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Letter of Credit (L/C)
The Letter of Credit has been a key means of payment in international trade for many years. It continues to play an important role in world trade today. A simple reason for its use is that the seller will not usually ship without a bank's assurance of payment. While this is a major factor in its continued use, the Letter of Credit offers other advantages for the buyer and seller. ... [show more]
Letter of credit (L/C)
A document issued by a bank per instructions by a buyer of goods authorizing the seller to draw a specified sum of money under specified terms, usually the receipt by the bank of certain shipping documents, within a given time. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Logistics Service Providers
Logistics Service Providers (LSPs) provide customs clearance services, customs brokerage services, freight forwarding and consolidation services, contracting services, planning services, visibility to freight movements, transport and storage of goods and a host of other services to buyers and sellers of goods.... [show more]
Lot labels
Labels attached to each piece of a multiple lot shipment for identification purposes. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Lower deck containers
Carrier owned containers specially designed as an integral part of the aircraft to fit in the cargo compartments (lower deck) of the wide body aircraft. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Marks
Information placed on outer surface of shipping containers or packages such as address labels, box specifications, caution, or directional warnings. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Memorandum tariff
Publications which contain rule and rate information extracted from official tariffs. Memorandum tariffs are published by many carriers and are available from these carriers upon request. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Minimum charge
The lowest rate, applicable on each type, of air cargo service, no matter how small the shipment. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Modes of transport
The modes of transport used in the domain have evolved over centuries of use. As technologies have advanced shippers have moved from human and animal carriage, to wheeled conveyances, ships (human powered, to wind, steam and diesel power), trains, motorized vehicles, and aircraft. Future evolutions may include rocket powered transports as commercial services in space develop. See ... [show more]
Multimodal transports
Most shipments cannot be delivered to the consignee by just utilizing one mode of transport. The shipment will be a pick-up by a milk run truck and the long haul and mostly a delivery by milk run truck as well. Using different modes and resources from different providers requires coordination of the different parts of the supply chain. [Clausen 1998, pp.128-130; Vahrenkamp 2005, S. 299-301]... [show more]
N.E.S.
The abbreviation (not elsewhere specified) often appears in air freight tariffs. For example: "advertising matter, N.E.S.," "printed matter, N.E S ," indicating that the rate stated in the tariff applies to all commodities within the commodity group except those appearing under their own rate. The abbreviation N.E,S., as used in air freight tariffs, is comparable to the abbre... [show more]
Neutral air waybill
A standard air waybill without identification of issuing carrier. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Non-Standard Units
Till mid of the 20th century various customer and product specific shipping units have been used as shipping units globally. There was very less standardization in order to increase the efficiency. Handling was mostly manual or done by using simple tools. The size of those units was according to manual handling tiny in comparison to the ISO container. [Vahrenkamp 2005, ... [show more]
Nonstructural container
A unit load device composed of a bottomless rigid shell used in combination with a pallet and net assembly. NOTE: The expression "Nonstructural Container" is also used to refer to the shell part of a device. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Ocean Freight
Overseas trade has been established already some thousand years ago. Till end of the 19th century it was dominantly performed by various kinds of sailing vessels. Steamships reached a level of reliability in the last quarter of the 19th century. Not being dependent of the wind anymore, allowed shipping companies to offer reliable schedules. [Murphy... [show more]
On Consignment
With consignment sales, the seller does not receive payment until the importer sells or resells the goods. The product stays with the importer until all the terms of the sale have been satisfied. In the consignment method, the importer is called the consignee and is responsible for paying for the goods when they are sold. Consignment sales are very risky and there is no control available to ... [show more]
Open Account
An open account transaction means that the goods are manufactured and delivered before payment is necessary (for example, payment could be due 14, 30, or 60 following shipment or delivery). The method provides great flexibility and in many countries sales are likely to be made on an open-account basis if the manufacturer has been dealing with the buyer over a long period of time and has esta... [show more]
Pallet
A platform with a flat metal framed undersurface on which goods are assembled and secured by nets and straps. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Pallets
In the logistics domain pallets are widely used. Most are custom made from different materials and wide range of sizes. The size of custom pallets refers mostly to the product which shall be moved with the pallets. They are made for moving, lifting and storing goods more efficiently than a single package would allow. [Vahrenkamp 2005, pp. 333-335] Basically there are two types of ... [show more]
Parcel post air freight
An airline service through which a shipper can consolidate a number of parcel post packages (with destination postage affixed by the shipper) for shipment as air freight to the postmaster at another city for subsequent delivery within local postal zones or beyond. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Pickup and delivery service (PU&D)
An optional service for the surface transport of shipments from shipper's door to originating air terminal and from the air terminal of destination to receiver's door, Pickup service, at an additional charge, is provided upon shipper's request, Delivery service is provided automatically by the air carrier at an additional charge unless the shipper requests otherwise. PU&D service... [show more]
Planning
The provision of transport and services is planned and managed based on actual and foreseen demands and information about the Transportation Network infrastructure and traffic conditions. The planning includes decisions about: - routes, - schedules, ... [show more]
Port
"A harbor or haven where ships may anchor and discharge or receive cargo." Hinkelmann, E.G. 2008. Dictionary of International Trade 8th Edition. California, USA: World Trade Press See Stakeholde... [show more]
Port of entry
Any place designated by act of U.S, Congress, executive order of the President of the United States, or order of the U,S. Secretary of the Treasury, at which a U,S. Customs officer is assigned with authority to accept entries of merchandise, to collect duties, and to enforce the various provisions of the U.S. Customs laws. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Port of origin air cargo clearance
For the convenience of exporters moving goods by air from inland U.S, cities, certain U.S, Customs formalities can now be handled at the originating airport city. This avoids delaying such procedures until the export reaches a gateway point sometimes hundreds of miles from the exporter's business. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Prepaid Charges
The transportation trade practice under which the shipper pays transportation charges. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Priority air freight
Reserved air freight or Air Express service wherein shipments have a priority after mail and the small package services. Any size or weight allowed within air freight service limits is acceptable Advanced reservations are permitted for movement on a given flight and in some cases a partial refund is paid the shipper if the shipment is not moved on the flight specified. (Air Cargo fro... [show more]
Priority logistics management
The application of the JIT (Just In Time) transportation theory. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Process Phase Structure
Logistic processes can be divided into four parts: See: (1) Sales / Marketing, (2) ... [show more]
Proforma
When coupled with the title of another document (proforma invoice, proforma manifest), it means an informal document presented in advance of the arrival or preparation of the required document in order to satisfy a Customs requirement. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Promotional rate
A rate applying to traffic under special conditions and usually confined to movement between a limited number of cities. Early rates on fresh farm produce which helped develop increased air freight volumes from the west coast to eastern cities are examples of promotional rates. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Proof of delivery (P.O.D.)
Information provided to payer containing name of person who signed for the package with the date and time of delivery. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Protective service
Many airlines offer a protective service where shippers can arrange to have their shipments under carrier surveillance at each stage of transit from origin to destination. This service can be extended to pickup and delivery. Shippers can also arrange for armed guard protection. There is usually an extra charge for various levels of protective service. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Tran... [show more]
Rail
The railroad was invented in the middle of the 19th century. Very soon after establishing the first railroad connections rail transport became the most import mode of land transport and one of the main initiators of the industrialization in Europe. Railway systems were able to carry much higher payloads at a average higher speed over long distances than all other modes of transpor... [show more]
Remittance following collection (RFC)
In instances when the shipper has performed services incident to the transportation of goods an airline will collect payment for these services from the receiver and remit such payment to the shipper. Carriers charge nominal fees for this service. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Reserved freight space
A service by some airlines enabling shippers to reserve freight space on designated flights. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Restricted Articles
An airline term meaning a hazardous material as defined by Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (U.S.) and Air Transport Restricted Articles Circular 6-D. Restricted articles may be transported domestically and be classified dangerous goods when transported internationally by air. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Risks
The transport and logistics industry is facing a number of challenges that are a direct result of globalization and the rapid development of countries such as Brazil, Russia, India and China. These challenges can be broadly grouped into five areas. These grouping are: 1. Costs – transportation and logistics is a highly competitive industry with margins for traditional servi... [show more]
Road
Road transports are the oldest in history and started with exchanging goods between different communities’ millenniums ago. Till beginning of the 20th century moving goods was relying on horse, donkey, ox or camel towed vehicles. In some regions of the world this is still common practice and widely used. The invention of gas and diesel engines in the late 19th... [show more]
Sales / Marketing
The Marketing, Sale, and Alignment processes are concerned with creating contact between the actors that have a need for transport or services and those who can offer transport and services that fulfil the demand; and the sale of the transport or service. The phase consists of: - the publishing of needs or offered services, ... [show more]
Service Level Agreements (SLA)
A service level agreement is a part of a service contract where the level of service is formally defined. A service level agreement is normally a negotiated agreement between two parties wherein one is the customer and the other is the service provider. This can be a legally binding formal or informal "contract". Contracts between the service provider and other third parties are ofte... [show more]
Service Level Agreements at different Levels
Service level agreements can be defined to cover different types and levels of services to customers. Some common examples of differently focused service level agreements are: Customer-Based SLA: An agreement with an individual customer group covering all the services they use. For example, an SLA between a supplier (warehousing service provider) and th... [show more]
Shipper (Seller)
The shipper and the consignee initiate the supply chain process when agreeing on a sales or purchase contract. A shipper can also be called a consignor. The purchase contract will contain clauses concerning the delivery terms of the shipment. A global standard in commercial delivery terms are the Incoterms. These delivery terms clarify responsibilities, cost and liability among the partners.... [show more]
Shippers exportation declaration
Form required for all U.S. exports with declared value for U,S. Customs greater than $1,000. Also required for shipments requiring a U.S Department of Commerce validated export license or U.S. Department of State license regardless of value of goods. Prepared by a shipper indicating the value, weight, destination, and other basic information about the shipment. (Air Cargo from A to Z... [show more]
Shippers letter of instruction
A form used by a shipper to authorize an airline to issue an air waybill on the shipper's behalf. The form contains all details of shipment and authorizes the airline to sign the air waybill in the name of the shipper. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Signature service
A service designed to provide continuous responsibility for the custody of shipments in transit, so named because a signature is required from each person handling the shipment at each stage of its transit from origin to destination. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Small package service
A specialized service to guarantee the delivery of small parcels within specified express time limits, e.g. same day or next day. This traffic is subject to size and weight limitations Air carriers that also transport passengers will accept these packages at the airport ticket counters with delivery at destination baggage claim area. Many carriers provide door-to-door service on a 24-hour ba... [show more]
Special rates
Rates that apply to traffic under special conditions and usually at a limited number of cities. Examples of such rates are container rates, exception ratings, surface-air rates, and import rates. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Specific commodity rate
Rate applicable to certain classes of commodities, usually commodities moving in volume shipments. Hence, specific commodity rates are usually lower than the general commodity rate between the same pair of cities. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Spot market agreements
Contracts made for short term or one time services are generally made on the spot market. Such contracts are usually negotiated quickly and, therefore, standard terms and conditions of the shipper are generally used. These types of contracts are common for local transport of goods. Because of the ad hoc nature of these types of contracts, the contracting process is usually manual with contra... [show more]
Stakeholders
The origin of each shipment is a sales or purchasing agreement between two parties. Generally these parties are called the shipper (seller) and consignee (receiver). Their agreement about exchanging goods against payments initiates the process of how the goods will be moved by whom, when and to which place under which conditions. ... [show more]
Standard international trade classification (SITC)
One of a number of numerical commodity codes developed by the United Nations. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Standard Units
The standardization of shipping unit has increased the efficiency of the handling and decreased the due time in hubs and terminal significantly. There are different shipping units usable in different transport modes defined as standard. See ... [show more]
Supply Chain
The supply chain describes the whole process from shipping goods till delivering those to the recipient. Certain parties have to collaborate to fulfil all roles, tasks and activities. It is a network of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natura... [show more]
T&E (Transportation and Exportation)
An entry filed to control the movement of merchandise being transported through the United States for exportation. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Tare weight
The weight of the container before loading of goods being shipped; the actual weight of the container when empty. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Tariff
A document setting forth applicable rules, rates, and charges for the movement of goods. A tariff sets forth a contract of carriage for the shipper, the consignee, and the carrier, In addition to the domestic tariffs published by Airline Tariff Publishing Company some airlines also publish their own tariffs covering special services. International tariffs containing freight rates of the U.S ... [show more]
Tariff based contracts
Tariff based contracts stipulate a tariff or rate for shipping a particular good over a particular lane. The rate for the shipment is stipulated based on lane (origination point to destination point) and volume/weight shipped. These types of contracts do not require the shipper to use the carrier who has signed the tariff contract. If the shipper does decide to use the carrier who has signed... [show more]
Temperature controlled ground handling
Many of the commodities moving in air freight must be protected against sudden changes in temperatures. The tern perature of a jet freighter's cabin is ideal to maintain perishables in peak condition; but the increase in the shipment of perishables by air required new strides in ground handling to protect cargoes from spoilage induced by marked differences in temperatures often encounter... [show more]
Temporary importation under bond (TIB)
Temporary admission into the United States under a conditional bond for articles not imported for sale or for sale on approval. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Terminal
"An area at the end of a rail, ship, air or truck line which serves as a loading, unloading and transfer point for cargo or passengers, and often includes storage facilities, management offices and repair facilities." Hinkelmann, E.G. 2008. Dictionary of International Trade 8th Edition. California, USA: World Trade Press See ... [show more]
Terminal operator
"The business entity responsible for the operation of a terminal and its facilities" Hinkelmann, E.G. 2008. Dictionary of International Trade 8th Edition. California, USA: World Trade Press See Terminal... [show more]
Terminals
Terminals are having a very important function within logistics networks. They link different transport modes or act as transhipment points in order to merges shipments for a long haul leg or to separate for the final delivery. Terminals might be called hubs as well. [Murphy/Wood 2004, pp. 380-381] They are essential parts of transports. Terminal also provide storage or warehousin... [show more]
Through bill of lading
A single bill of lading covering both the domestic and international carriage of an export shipment. An air waybill, for instance, is essentially a through bill of lading used for air shipments, Many ocean shipments require two separate documents: an inland bill of lading for domestic carriage and an ocean bill of lading for international carriage. Through bill of lading, therefore, cannot b... [show more]
Time definite delivery
The range of service performance standards offered by air freight carriers which permit the customer to select a specific time frame for delivery based on requirement for service and economy. These service standards provide door-to-door (pickup and delivery) schedule patterns based on same day, next day, second or third day delivery needs. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Associ... [show more]
Ton mile
One of the most commonly used measures of transportation service. in air cargo a ton mile means one ton of cargo flown one mile. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Total cost of distribution
The sum total of all the costs incurred in the distribution of goods. The total cost of distribution includes such items as: Transportation charges, Inventory carrying costs, Warehousing expenses, Packaging, Insurance, Product obsolesce Pilferage. Today... [show more]
Tracking / Tracing
A carrier's system of recording movement intervals of shipments from origin to destination. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Trade Payment Methods
The exchange of goods for money is the origin of trade. Seller and consignee have to agree on a process that covers the risks of doing business with partners in different countries with different legislations. Today there are certain different payments terms in use to fulfill the requirements of both parties (Kummer et al., 2009). Kummer, S., O. Grün, W. Jammernegg, Grundzüge de... [show more]
Tradeoffs
Interaction between related activities such as the offsetting of higher costs in one area with reduced costs or other benefits in another. In air freight the classic "Tradeoff" is one of time versus money but there are many others in the total cost of distribution. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Transit air cargo manifest (TACM)
Procedures under which air cargo imports move through the gateway city to the city of final U. S, Customs destination for the collection of duty and other import processing, thereby expediting shipment movements, reducing gateway congestion, and saving expense for importers, the Customs Bureau, and the airlines. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Transportation energy demand forecast by geographical region
Several issues arise from this fact. The first issue, which will be discussed in the following section, has to do with the negative environmental impacts of increasing energy demand by the transport sector. The second issue has to do with the volatility of energy prices and the rising trend these prices exhibit. The figure following shows the historical price of crude oil from 194... [show more]
Truck / air service
The surface movement of air freight to and from airports and origin and destination points beyond the terminal area of pickup and delivery service, Directory listing cities served is available through your local airline office. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
ULD (unit load device)
Unit Loading Devices (ULD) are standardized containers in the airline industry, certified by the ICAO. A unit load device is a pallet or container used to load luggage, freight, and mail on wide-body aircraft and specific narrow-body aircraft. It allows a large quantity of cargo to be bundled into a single unit. Since this leads to fewer units to load, it saves ground crews time a... [show more]
Unitization
The practice or technique of consolidating many small pieces of freight into a single unit. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Valuation charges
Transportation charges assessed shippers who declare a value of goods higher than the value of carriers limits of liability. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
Volume based contracts
Agreements can be made based on volumes/capacity. Such contracts stipulate that a shipper will deliver to a carrier a certain amount of cargo (TEUs, tonnes, boxes, etc.), in a certain period of time, under conditions specified in the contract. These contracts are used when a shipper knows that they need to ship a defined amount of cargo in a certain time period, but they do not know the exac... [show more]
Warsaw convention
An international multilateral treaty which regulates, in a uniform manner, the conditions of international transportation by air, Among other things, it establishes the international liability of air carriers and establishes the monetary limits for loss, damage, and delay. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
Waybill
"An organization which provides logistics services as an intermediary between the shipper and the carrier, typically on international shipments. Freight forwarders provide the ability to respond quickly and efficiently to changing customer and consumer demands and international shipping (import/export) requirements." http://www.inboundlogistics.com/... [show more]
Weight Dreak
Levels at which the air freight rate per 100 pounds decreases because of substantial increases in the weight of the shipment. Examples of levels at which weight breaks occur (in pounds) are 100, 500, 1,000 3,000, 5,000, and 10,000. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)... [show more]
World population age distribution in 2030
The implications of this change in focus is that international transport companies that already have a presence in emerging markets will share disproportionately in the changing focus of business activity. Smaller, more regional companies that may have been strong in their local markets will have a difficult time participating in this changed world unless new forms of technology are develope... [show more]
Yield
The air transport revenue derived per unit of traffic carried in air transportation, Examples: Revenue per freight ton mile and revenue per passenger mile flown. (Air Cargo from A to Z, Air Transport Association of America)
°Overview°
in progress